COPPER BASE ALLOYS - Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined. SHEET STEELS OR ALUMINUM SHEET - Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge. STRIP STEELS and STAINLESS STRIP No.1 Edge - A smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance +/-,QQ5”. No.2 Edge - A natural round mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits. No.3 Edge - Square, produced by slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerance close. No.4 Edge - A round edge produced by edge rolling either from a
Creases extending in from the edge of the temper rolled sheet.
A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded edge.
Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing because of differences in directional properties. Also termed scallop. See non scalloping.
Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology, the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale. (See Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces.)
Allotropic modification of iron, stable above 2552??F. to melting point. It is of body-centered cubic crystal structure.
(In steel making) - Removing gases from the molten metal by means of a vacuum process in combination with mechanical action.
The process of cold working or drawing sheet or strip metal blanks by means of dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character involving considerable plastic deformation of the metal. Deep-drawing quality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis of suitability for deep-drawing.
Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water vapor; oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. Reheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action.
A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing.
(No.5 TEMPER) - Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state.
Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.20-0.50% range, completely annealed.
Heating metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility.
Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. Refer to Stretcher Leveling.
Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching.
A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed.
Metallography (Concerning space lattices) - Body-centered cubic. Refers to crystal structure.
The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization.)
(1) A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern. (2) A coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same anisotropic arrangement of atoms; in metals, usually synonymous with "grain" and "crystallite."
A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or clay or other refractory materials, and used in the melting of metal. The term is sometimes applied to pots made of cast iron, cast steel or wrought steel.
Increased thickness in the center of metal sheet or strip as compared with thickness at the edge.
Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal; usually done to increase width.
(In rolled or drawn metal). The direction parallel to the axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction of rolling or drawing.
See Luders Lines. This term also applies to transverse ribs or ripple.
The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and discarded.
A temperature range in which an internal change takes place within a metal. Also termed Transformation Range.
Temperatures at which internal changes or ?transformations take place within a metal either on a rising or falling temperature.
The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is above the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of deep short waves.
The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a corrosive environment. Such material is usually susceptible to the intergranular type of corrosion attack.
Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents.
(Chemical symbol Cu) - Element No. 29 of the periodic system, atomic weight 63.57. A characteristically reddish metal of bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical and heat conductivity; melting point 1981?F.; boiling point 4237?F.; specific gravity 894. Universally and extensively used in the arts in brasses, bronzes. Universally used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod and wire and also as alloyed by other elements (See Brass and Bronze), as an alloy with other metals.
Stresses develop by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained.
A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.
A furnace used for bright annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purposes of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place.
A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.
Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pickling and washing tanks.
Furnace, in which the material being heated moves steadily through the furnace.
A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured, and the length is not determined by mold dimensions.
Normally to a ladle analysis of carbon limited at 0.15 max. A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet.
A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed "commercial-bronze" it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper and has equal or better ductility.
(Chemical Symbol Cb) - Element No. 41 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 92.91. It is steel gray in color and brilliant luster. Specific gravity 8.57. Melting point at about 4379?F. It is used mainly in the production of stabilized austenitic chromium-nickel steels, also to reduce the air-hardening characteristics in plain chromium steels of the corrosion resistant type.
Plastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a temperature sufficiently low to create strain-hardening (work-hardening). Commonly, the term refers to such deformation at normal temperatures.
A defect produced during casting, causing an area in metal where two portions of the metal in either a molten or plastic condition have come together but have failed to unite, fuse, or blend into a solid mass. (See Lamination.)
The characteristics of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures.
Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (work-hardening). Same as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as tempers, which see.
COPPER BASE ALLOYS Acid Dipped - Dry rolled finished. Produced by dry cold rolling bi-chromate dipped alloy with polished rolls, resulting in a burnished appearance and retaining the color obtained by dipping (True Metal Color). Bright Dipped Finish - Finish resulting from an acid dip. Buffed or Polished Surface - A finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold Rolled Finish - A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled strip with a lubricant. Dry Rolled Finish - A burnished finish resulting from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any
Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant resulting in a relatively smooth appearance.
Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
Metal strip, made from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on cold-reduction mills.
(Hot Dipped Tin Plate.) Standard tin plate, with the lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher grade is the best cokes, with special cokes representing the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings, see Charcoal Tin Plate.
A process of impressing images or characters of the die and punch onto a plane metal surface.
Coiled flat sheet or strip metal usually in one continuous piece or length.
A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil not always visible in the cold reduced product.
A lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip metals following its coil pattern. A departure from longitudinal flatness. Can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges.
Creases or Ridges appearing in sheets as parallel lines transverse to the direction of rolling and generally extending across the width of the sheet.
(Chemical symbol Co.) Element No. 27 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.94. A gray magnetic metal, of medium hardness; it resists corrosion like nickel, which it resembles closely; melting point 2696?F.; boiling point about 5250?F.; specific gravity 8.9. It is used as the matrix metal in most cemented carbides and is occasionally electroplated instead of nickel, the sulfate being used as electrolyte. Its principal function as an alloy in tool steel; it contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite.
A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more back-up rolls.
A process for covering one metal with another. Usually the surfaces of fairly thick slabs of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling so that a clad composition results. In some instances a thick electroplate may be deposited before rolling.
A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co-rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating.
Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known of the chromium-nickel types.
(Chemical symbol Cr.) - Element No. 24 of the periodic system; atomic weight 52.01. It is of bright silvery color, relatively hard. It is strongly resistant to atmospheric and other oxidation. It is of great value in the manufacture of Stainless Steel as an iron-base alloy. Chromium plating has also become a large outlet for the metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation (2) increases hardenability (3) adds some strength at high temperatures (4) resists abrasions and wear (with high carbon).
A method for removing seams and surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be working into the finished product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal that is excessive but not defective. Removal of detects by gas cutting is known as "deseaming" or "scarfing."
Defect) - Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations.
Tin Plate with a relatively heavy coating of tin (higher than the "Coke Tin Plate" grades).
A compound of iron and carbon known as "Iron carbide," which has the approximate chemical formula Fe3 C containing 6.69% of carbon. Hard and brittle, it is the hard constituents of cast iron, and the normal form in which carbon is present in steel. It is magnetizable, but not as readily as ferrite.
(1) A term indicating in the annealed state as "Cast Spring Steel Wire." (2) In reference to Bright or Polished Strip Steel or Wire, the word cast implies discoloration as a shadow. (3) A term implying a lack of straightness as in a coil set, (Which see).
Carburizing and subsequently hardening by suitable heat-treatment, all or part of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy.
(Cementation.) Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gasses. The oldest method of case hardening.
Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages.
In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
Element No. 6 of the periodic system; atomic weight 12.01; has three allotropic modifications, all non-metallic. Carbon is preset in practically all ferrous alloys, and has tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal. Carbon is also an essential compound of the cemented carbides. Its metallurgical use, in the form of coke, for reduction of oxides, is very extensive.
Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra precision rolled. Carbon content 1.25-Chromium .15.
Edgewise curvature. A lateral departure of a side edge of sheet or strip metal from a straight line.
Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them.
A hardened, tempered, and bright polished high carbon spring steel strip (carbon content a bit higher than in wood band saw quality) with a Rockwell value of approximately C47/49.
A thin ridge or roughness left by a cutting operation such as in metal slitting, shearing, blanking or sawing. This is common to a No. 3 slit edge in the case of steel.
Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimental action begins.
Alternate bulges or hollows recurring along the length of the product with the edges remaining relatively flat.
A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as by numbers, to which the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal is usually made and which is used in the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copper-base alloys and aluminum. These gaga numbers have a definite relationship to each other. By this system the decimal thickness is reduced by 50% every six gage numbers-while temper is expressed by the number of B & S gage numbers as cold reduced in thickness from previous annealing. For each B & S gage number in thickness reduction, there is assigned a hardness value
Primarily an alloy of copper and tin, but the name is now applied to other alloys not containing tin; e.g., aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze. For varieties and uses of tin bronze see (Alpha-bronze and Phosphor bronze).
Multiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cutting edges along the work, particularly through holes.
A common standard method of measuring the hardness of certain metals. The smooth surface of the metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under pressure or load. The diameter of the resultant indentation, in the metal surface, is measured by a special microscope and the Brinell hardness value read from a chart or calculated formula.
An acid solution into which articles are dipped to obtain a clean, bright surface.
Stiff bright steel wire of hard drawn temper. Normally drawn to size without annealing. Used for nails, flat head wood screws, cheap springs, etc.
Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright Bessemer Wire (see). Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc.
A process of annealing usually carried out in a ?controlled furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a ?minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.
Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled non-oxidizing atmosphere furnace.